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Electronic TIR framework enters into force across globe in huge boost to trade facilitation
ÃÛÌÒ´«Ã½§Ó §®§Ú§â§Ö | §¨§Ö§ß§Ö§Ó§Ñ

§±§â§Ñ§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§ñ §Ò§Ñ§Ù§Ñ §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§ß§ß§à§Û §á§â§à§è§Ö§Õ§å§â§í §®§¥§± §Ó§ã§ä§å§á§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ó §ã§Ú§Ý§å §á§à §Ó§ã§Ö§Þ§å §Þ§Ú§â§å

24 §Þ§Ñ§ñ 2021 · §±§â§à§è§Ó§Ö§ä§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö

§¯§à§Ó§Ñ§ñ §á§â§Ñ§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§ñ §Ò§Ñ§Ù§Ñ §Õ§Ý§ñ §á§à§Ý§ß§à§Û §è§Ú§æ§â§à§Ó§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§í §®§¥§± (§ä§Ñ§Ü §ß§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ñ eTIR) §Ó§ã§ä§å§á§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ó §ã§Ú§Ý§å §ã§Ö§Ô§à§Õ§ß§ñ. §¸§Ú§æ§â§à§Ó§à§Û §á§â§à§è§Ö§Õ§å§â§à§Û §®§¥§± §ã§Þ§à§Ô§å§ä §Ó§à§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î§ã§ñ 77 §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß §á§ñ§ä§Ú §Ü§à§ß§ä§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ä§à§Ó.

§¿§ä§à §Ù§ß§Ñ§Ü§à§Ó§à§Ö §ã§à§Ò§í§ä§Ú§Ö §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§ã§ä §å§ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ú§ñ §Õ§Ý§ñ §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Ô§à §ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ù§Ú§ä§Ñ §Ô§â§å§Ù§à§Ó, §á§à§Ü§â§í§Ó§Ñ§Ö§Þ§í§ç §ä§Ñ§Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §Ô§Ñ§â§Ñ§ß§ä§Ú§Ö§Û §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§í §®§¥§±, §Ò§Ö§Ù §Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§à§Ô§à §Ò§å§Þ§Ñ§Ø§ß§à§Ô§à §Õ§à§Ü§å§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ.

§®§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§Ñ§ñ §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ eTIR (§à§Ò§Þ§Ö§ß §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Þ§Ú §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å §ä§Ñ§Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§í§Þ§Ú §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Þ§Ú) §à§Ò§Ö§ã§á§Ö§é§Ú§ä §Ò§Ö§Ù§à§á§Ñ§ã§ß§í§Û §à§Ò§Þ§Ö§ß §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Þ§Ú §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å §ß§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Þ§Ú §ä§Ñ§Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§í§Þ§Ú §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Þ§Ú §à §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§í§ç §ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ù§Ú§ä§ß§í§ç §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ó§à§Ù§Ü§Ñ§ç §Ô§â§å§Ù§à§Ó, §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§á§à§â§ä§ß§í§ç §ã§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ§ç §Ú §Ü§à§ß§ä§Ö§Û§ß§Ö§â§Ñ§ç §Ó §ã§à§à§ä§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ú §ã §¬§à§ß§Ó§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ö§Û §®§¥§±. §³§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ §á§à§Ù§Ó§à§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä §ä§Ñ§Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§í§Þ §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Þ §å§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ä§î §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Þ§Ú §à §Ô§Ñ§â§Ñ§ß§ä§Ú§ñ§ç, §Ó§í§Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §Ô§Ñ§â§Ñ§ß§ä§Ú§Û§ß§à§Û §è§Ö§á§î§ð §Õ§à§á§å§ë§Ö§ß§ß§í§Þ §Ü §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ð §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§í §Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§ñ§Þ §Ü§ß§Ú§Ø§Ü§Ú §®§¥§±.

§³§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ §®§¥§± §ß§Ñ§ã§é§Ú§ä§í§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö 30 §ä§í§ã. §å§á§à§Ý§ß§à§Þ§à§é§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §à§á§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§à§â§à§Ó §Ú §á§â§Ú§ß§ñ§ä§Ñ §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö 3,5 §ä§í§ã. §ä§Ñ§Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §à§ä§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §á§à §Ó§ã§Ö§Þ§å §Þ§Ú§â§å.

§¢§à§Ý§Ö§Ö 70 §Ý§Ö§ä §®§¥§± §å§ã§Ü§à§â§ñ§Ö§ä §Ú §å§á§â§à§ë§Ñ§Ö§ä §á§â§à§è§Ö§Õ§å§â§í §ä§à§â§Ô§à§Ó§Ý§Ú, §á§à§Ó§í§ê§Ñ§ñ §Ú§ç §Ò§Ö§Ù§à§á§Ñ§ã§ß§à§ã§ä§î. §±§â§Ñ§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§ñ §Ò§Ñ§Ù§Ñ §è§Ú§æ§â§à§Ó§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú ¡ª §ß§à§Ó§à§Ö §á§â§Ú§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö 11 §Ü §´§Ñ§Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §Ü§à§ß§Ó§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ú §°§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §°§Ò§ì§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§Û §à §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Û §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ó§à§Ù§Ü§Ö §Ô§â§å§Ù§à§Ó §ã §á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §Ü§ß§Ú§Ø§Ü§Ú §®§¥§± ¡ª §å§Ü§â§Ö§á§Ú§ä §Ú §â§Ñ§ã§ê§Ú§â§Ú§ä §á§â§Ö§Ú§Þ§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §®§¥§± §Õ§Ý§ñ §Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§à§Û §ä§à§â§Ô§à§Ó§Ý§Ú §Ú §Þ§å§Ý§î§ä§Ú§Þ§à§Õ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ó§à§Ù§à§Ü §Ô§â§å§Ù§à§Ó.

§£ §é§Ö§ã§ä§î §ï§ä§à§Ô§à §Ú§ã§ä§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Þ§à§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ §ã§Ö§Ô§à§Õ§ß§ñ §Ó §ê§ä§Ñ§Ò-§Ü§Ó§Ñ§â§ä§Ú§â§Ö §°§°§¯ §Ó §¨§Ö§ß§Ö§Ó§Ö §á§â§à§ê§Ý§Ñ §ã§á§Ö§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§Ñ§ñ §è§Ö§â§Ö§Þ§à§ß§Ú§ñ, §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§Ñ§ñ §¦§¿§¬ §°§°§¯, §ß§Ñ §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Û §á§â§Ú§ã§å§ä§ã§ä§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú §Ú §Ó§í§ã§ä§å§á§Ú§Ý§Ú §Ó §á§à§Õ§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ü§å §è§Ú§æ§â§à§Ó§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §®§¥§± 16 §á§à§ã§Ý§à§Ó §Ú §Õ§â§å§Ô§Ú§ç §á§à§é§Ö§ä§ß§í§ç §Ô§à§ã§ä§Ö§Û.

§ª§ã§á§à§Ý§ß§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Û §ã§Ö§Ü§â§Ö§ä§Ñ§â§î §¦§¿§¬ §°§°§¯ §°§Ý§î§Ô§Ñ §¡§Ý§Ô§Ñ§Ö§â§à§Ó§Ñ §à§ä§Þ§Ö§ä§Ú§Ý§Ñ:
?§±§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö eTIR ¡ª §Ô§Ý§à§Ò§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §Ú§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ §å§á§â§à§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §á§â§à§è§Ö§Õ§å§â §á§Ö§â§Ö§ã§Ö§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ô§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Ô§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§è ¡ª §å§Ü§â§Ö§á§Ú§ä §Ò§Ö§Ù§à§á§Ñ§ã§ß§à§ã§ä§î §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§í §®§¥§±, §ã§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ñ§Ó §Ö§Ö §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §ï§æ§æ§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§à§Û §Ú §Ü§à§ß§Ü§å§â§Ö§ß§ä§à§ã§á§à§ã§à§Ò§ß§à§Û. eTIR §á§à§Ù§Ó§à§Ý§Ú§ä §á§Ö§â§Ö§ã§Ö§Ü§Ñ§ä§î §Ô§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§è§í §Ò§Ö§Ù §Ò§å§Þ§Ñ§Ø§ß§í§ç §Õ§à§Ü§å§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§à§Ó §Ú §æ§Ú§Ù§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Ü§à§ß§ä§Ñ§Ü§ä§à§Ó. §±§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ö§Þ§Ú§ñ COVID-19 §á§à§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§Ý§Ñ, §ß§Ñ§ã§Ü§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §ï§ä§à §Ó§Ñ§Ø§ß§à. §°§Ò§Ö§ã§á§Ö§é§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ñ §Ò§Ö§Ù§à§á§Ñ§ã§ß§à§ã§ä§î §Ó§à§Õ§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§Û §Ú §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §ä§Ñ§Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§à§Ó, eTIR §Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ä §Ó §Ü§à§â§ß§Ö §Ú§Ù§Þ§Ö§ß§Ú§ä§î §ã§Ú§ä§å§Ñ§è§Ú§ð ¡ª §Ô§Ñ§â§Ñ§ß§ä§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î, §é§ä§à §Õ§Ñ§Ø§Ö §Ó §á§à§Õ§à§Ò§ß§í§ç §é§â§Ö§Ù§Ó§í§é§Ñ§Û§ß§í§ç §ã§Ú§ä§å§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ§ç §Ô§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§è§í §Ò§å§Õ§å§ä §à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ä§î§ã§ñ §à§ä§Ü§â§í§ä§í§Þ§Ú?.

§³§ä§Ñ§â§Ö§Û§ê§Ö§Ö §Ô§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à-§é§Ñ§ã§ä§ß§à§Ö §á§Ñ§â§ä§ß§Ö§â§ã§ä§Ó§à §°§°§¯, §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ §®§¥§± §á§à§ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§Ñ§ã§î §Ó 1949 §Ô§à§Õ§å, §Ü§à§Ô§Õ§Ñ §ð§ß§Ñ§ñ §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ ÃÛÌÒ´«Ã½§á§â§Ú §á§à§Õ§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ü§Ö §ð§ß§à§Û §°§°§¯ §ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §Ù§Ñ§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ä§î§ã§ñ §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ§Ñ§Þ§Ú §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§Ô§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§é§ß§í§ç §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ó§à§Ù§à§Ü §Ô§â§å§Ù§à§Ó §Ó §â§Ñ§Ù§Õ§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Ó§à§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §¦§Ó§â§à§á§Ö. ÃÛÌÒ´«Ã½§å§á§à§Ý§ß§à§Þ§à§é§Ö§ß §¡§Õ§Þ§Ú§ß§Ú§ã§ä§â§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§í§Þ §Ü§à§Þ§Ú§ä§Ö§ä§à§Þ §¬§à§ß§Ó§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ú §®§¥§± (AC.2) §Ó§í§Õ§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §Ú §â§Ñ§ã§á§â§à§ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§ñ§ä§î §Ü§ß§Ú§Ø§Ü§Ú §®§¥§±, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §å§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ä§î §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§à§Û §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Û §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§í §Ô§Ñ§â§Ñ§ß§ä§Ú§Û.

§¤§Ö§ß§Ö§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Û §ã§Ö§Ü§â§Ö§ä§Ñ§â§î ÃÛÌÒ´«Ã½§µ§Þ§Ò§Ö§â§ä§à §Õ§Ö §±§â§Ö§ä§ä§à §Õ§Ñ§Ý §ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§å§ð§ë§Ú§Û §Ü§à§Þ§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ§â§Ú§Û:
?§¢§à§Ý§Ö§Ö 70 §Ý§Ö§ä ÃÛÌÒ´«Ã½§á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§Ö§ã§í §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§á§à§â§ä§ß§í§ç §à§á§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§à§â§à§Ó, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ó§à§Ù§ñ§ä §Ô§â§å§Ù§í §é§Ö§â§Ö§Ù §Ô§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§è§í §ß§Ñ §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§Þ§à§Ò§Ú§Ý§ñ§ç §ã §Ý§Ö§Ô§Ö§ß§Õ§Ñ§â§ß§à§Û §ã§Ú§ß§Ö§Û §ä§Ñ§Ò§Ý§Ú§é§Ü§à§Û TIR (§®§¥§±), §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Û §à§ä§Þ§Ö§é§Ö§ß§í §Þ§Ú§Ý§Ý§Ú§à§ß§í §ä§ñ§Ø§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§à§Ù§à§Ó. §±§à§ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §á§à§Ý§ß§à§ã§ä§î§ð §Ò§Ö§Ù§Ò§å§Þ§Ñ§Ø§ß§à§Û §á§â§à§è§Ö§Õ§å§â§í §®§¥§± §Ö§ë§Ö §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§Ö §â§Ñ§ã§ê§Ú§â§ñ§Ö§ä §ã§á§Ö§Ü§ä§â §á§â§Ö§Ú§Þ§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§í §Õ§Ý§ñ §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§á§à§â§ä§ß§í§ç §à§á§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§à§â§à§Ó §Ú §Ú§ç §Ü§Ý§Ú§Ö§ß§ä§à§Ó, §Ú§Þ§á§à§â§ä§Ö§â§à§Ó §Ú §ï§Ü§ã§á§à§â§ä§Ö§â§à§Ó, §à§ä §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§ç §Ù§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ã§Ú§ä §Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ñ §ä§à§â§Ô§à§Ó§Ý§ñ?.

§¯§à§Ó§Ñ§ñ §á§â§Ñ§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§ñ §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§Ñ §Õ§Ý§ñ §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§ß§ß§à§Û §á§â§à§è§Ö§Õ§å§â§í §®§¥§± §á§â§Ú§ß§Ö§ã§Ö§ä §ß§Ö §Þ§Ö§ß§î§ê§Ö §á§à§Ý§î§Ù§í §ä§Ñ§Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§í§Þ §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Þ, §à§ã§à§Ò§Ö§ß§ß§à §Ó §ã§Ó§Ö§ä§Ö §ä§à§Ô§à §é§ä§à §æ§Ú§Ù§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ü§à§ß§ä§Ñ§Ü§ä§í §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ§Þ§Ú §ä§Ñ§Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ß §Ú §Ó§à§Õ§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§ñ§Þ§Ú §á§à-§á§â§Ö§Ø§ß§Ö§Þ§å §à§Ô§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§é§Ö§ß§í §á§à §á§â§Ú§é§Ú§ß§Ö COVID-19.

§±§â§Ö§Õ§ã§Ö§Õ§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î §¡§Õ§Þ§Ú§ß§Ú§ã§ä§â§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§à§Ô§à §Ü§à§Þ§Ú§ä§Ö§ä§Ñ §¬§à§ß§Ó§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ú §®§¥§± (AC.2) §Ú §Ù§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ã§ä§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î §ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ §¤§Ý§Ñ§Ó§ß§à§Ô§à §å§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§í§ç §Õ§à§Ô§à§Ó§à§â§à§Ó §Ú §á§à §Õ§Ö§Ý§Ñ§Þ §¦§³ §®§Ú§ß§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §ä§à§â§Ô§à§Ó§Ý§Ú §´§å§â§Ö§è§Ü§à§Û §²§Ö§ã§á§å§Ò§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ú §°§ã§Þ§Ñ§ß §¢§¦§«§·§¡§¯ §ã§à§à§Ò§ë§Ú§Ý:
?§£§ã§ä§å§á§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ó §ã§Ú§Ý§å §ß§à§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§à§Û §Ò§Ñ§Ù§í eTIR ¡ª §ï§ä§à §Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à §Ú§ã§ä§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ö §ã§à§Ò§í§ä§Ú§Ö §ß§Ö §ä§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §Õ§Ý§ñ §ß§Ñ§ã, §ß§à §Ú §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ó§ã§Ö§ç §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Û §ä§à§â§Ô§à§Ó§Ý§Ú, §Ý§à§Ô§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú §Ú §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ó§à§Ù§à§Ü.  §Á §Ò§í §ã§â§Ñ§Ó§ß§Ú§Ý §ï§ä§à §ã§à§Ò§í§ä§Ú§Ö §ã§à §ã§ä§â§à§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ã§ä§Ó§à§Þ §à§é§Ö§ß§î §Ü§Ñ§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §ã§Ü§à§â§à§ã§ä§ß§à§Ô§à §á§å§ä§Ú §Õ§Ý§ñ §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ó§à§Ù§é§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §Ú §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §ä§à§â§Ô§à§Ó§Ý§Ú, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Û §à§é§Ö§ß§î §å§á§â§à§ã§ä§Ú§ä §Ú §á§à§Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ä §å§ã§à§Ó§Ö§â§ê§Ö§ß§ã§ä§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §Ú§ç §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§å. §¯§à §ã§Ñ§Þ§à§Ö §Ô§Ý§Ñ§Ó§ß§à§Ö, §é§ä§à §ï§ä§à §Õ§à§ã§ä§Ú§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö ¡ª §â§Ö§Ù§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§ä §ã§à§Ó§Þ§Ö§ã§ä§ß§í§ç §å§ã§Ú§Ý§Ú§Û §Ó§ã§Ö§ç §Ù§Ñ§Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§Ö§ã§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §ã§ä§à§â§à§ß §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§í §®§¥§±, §Ó§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ñ§ñ §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ, §é§Ñ§ã§ä§ß§í§Û §ã§Ö§Ü§ä§à§â, §ß§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §Ú §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§í§Ö §Ñ§ã§ã§à§è§Ú§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú?.

§¶§Ñ§â§Ú§Õ §£§¡§­§ª§¦§£, §ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§Ú§Ü §à§ä§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ñ §ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ù§Ú§ä§Ñ §¤§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §ä§Ñ§Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §Ü§à§Þ§Ú§ä§Ö§ä§Ñ §¡§Ù§Ö§â§Ò§Ñ§Û§Õ§Ø§Ñ§ß§Ñ, §à§ä§Þ§Ö§ä§Ú§Ý:
?§±§à§Ý§ß§Ñ§ñ §è§Ú§æ§â§à§Ó§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ §Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §Ô§Ý§à§Ò§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§í §ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ù§Ú§ä§Ñ, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§å§ð §à§Ò§Ö§ã§á§Ö§é§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä §¬§à§ß§Ó§Ö§ß§è§Ú§ñ §®§¥§± (1975 §Ô.) §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä §ã§à§Ò§à§Û §Ó§Ñ§Ø§ß§å§ð §Ó§Ö§ç§å §Ó §á§à§Ó§í§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §ï§æ§æ§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §ä§Ñ§Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §à§æ§à§â§Þ§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§í§ç §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ó§à§Ù§à§Ü. §£§ã§ä§å§á§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ó §ã§Ú§Ý§å §á§â§Ú§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ 11 §Ù§ß§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ß§å§Ö§ä §ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§à §ß§à§Ó§à§Û §ï§á§à§ç§Ú §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ó§ã§Ö§ç §Ù§Ñ§Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§Ö§ã§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §ã§ä§à§â§à§ß ¡ª §ä§Ñ§Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§à§Ó, §ã§å§Ò§ì§Ö§Ü§ä§à§Ó §ç§à§Ù§ñ§Û§ã§ä§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §ä§à§â§Ô§à§Ó§Ý§Ú, §à§Ò§Ö§ã§á§Ö§é§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ñ §Ò§Ö§ã§á§â§Ö§á§ñ§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§å§ð §Ú §ï§æ§æ§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§å§ð §ä§à§â§Ô§à§Ó§Ý§ð?.

§®§à§ã§ä§Ñ§æ§Ñ §¡§Û§Ñ§ä§Ú, §ã§ä§Ñ§â§ê§Ú§Û §ã§à§Ó§Ö§ä§ß§Ú§Ü §±§â§Ö§Ù§Ú§Õ§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ §´§Ñ§Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §Ñ§Õ§Þ§Ú§ß§Ú§ã§ä§â§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §ª§ã§Ý§Ñ§Þ§ã§Ü§à§Û §²§Ö§ã§á§å§Ò§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ú §ª§â§Ñ§ß, §Ù§Ñ§ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý:
?§¯§Ñ§ê §à§á§í§ä §â§Ö§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §á§Ú§Ý§à§ä§ß§í§ç §á§â§à§Ö§Ü§ä§à§Ó eTIR §Õ§à§Ü§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä, §é§ä§à §è§Ú§æ§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ñ §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ §®§¥§± §Ö§ë§Ö §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §å§á§â§à§ë§Ñ§Ö§ä §á§Ö§â§Ö§ã§Ö§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ô§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§è, §å§ã§Ü§à§â§ñ§Ö§ä §ä§Ñ§Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö §á§â§à§è§Ö§Õ§å§â§í, §á§à§Ó§í§ê§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ò§Ö§Ù§à§á§Ñ§ã§ß§à§ã§ä§î §Ú §á§â§à§Ù§â§Ñ§é§ß§à§ã§ä§î, §à§Õ§ß§à§Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§à §ã§à§Ü§â§Ñ§ë§Ñ§ñ §Ü§à§â§â§å§á§è§Ú§ð, §ï§Ü§à§ß§à§Þ§ñ §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ §Ú §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§á§à§â§ä§ß§í§Ö §â§Ñ§ã§ç§à§Õ§í §Ú §ã§ä§Ú§Þ§å§Ý§Ú§â§å§ñ §ä§à§â§Ô§à§Ó§Ý§ð. §®§í §á§â§Ú§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§Ö§Þ §¦§¿§¬ §°§°§¯ §Ú ÃÛÌÒ´«Ã½§á§â§à§Õ§à§Ý§Ø§Ñ§ä§î §à§Ü§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §á§à§Õ§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ü§å §è§Ú§æ§â§à§Ó§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ù§Ú§ä§Ñ?.

§¡§Ü§Ò§Ñ§â §·§°§¥§¡§¦§ª, §Õ§Ú§â§Ö§Ü§ä§à§â §¥§Ú§â§Ö§Ü§ä§à§â§Ñ§ä§Ñ §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§á§à§â§ä§Ñ §Ú §Ü§à§Þ§Þ§å§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §°§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §ï§Ü§à§ß§à§Þ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §ã§à§ä§â§å§Õ§ß§Ú§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ (§³§Ö§Ü§â§Ö§ä§Ñ§â§Ú§Ñ§ä §°§¿§³), §ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§Ý:
?§®§í §â§Ñ§Õ§í, §é§ä§à §Ô§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ ¡ª §é§Ý§Ö§ß§í §°§¿§³ §á§Ö§â§Ó§í§Þ§Ú §á§à§Õ§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ñ§ð§ä §Ú§ß§æ§à§â§Þ§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§í§Ö §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§í §ã§Ó§à§Ú§ç §ä§Ñ§Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§à§Ó §Ü §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Û §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ö eTIR. §³§Ö§Ü§â§Ö§ä§Ñ§â§Ú§Ñ§ä §°§¿§³ §Ó§ã§Ö§è§Ö§Ý§à §á§à§Õ§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä §ï§ä§Ú §Ú§ß§Ú§è§Ú§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ó§í §Ú §è§Ú§æ§â§à§Ó§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§ð §ä§Ñ§Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §Ú §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§á§à§â§ä§ß§à§Û §Õ§à§Ü§å§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§Ñ§ñ §Ò§å§Õ§Ö§ä §ã§á§à§ã§à§Ò§ã§ä§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§ð §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§á§à§â§ä§Ñ §Ú §å§á§â§à§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §á§â§à§è§Ö§Õ§å§â §ä§à§â§Ô§à§Ó§Ý§Ú, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §â§Ö§Ô§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §ï§Ü§à§ß§à§Þ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§Ô§â§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú?.

§°§Ü§à§ß§é§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §á§â§Ñ§Ó§à§Ó§í§Ö §á§à§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§ê§Ú§Ö §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§à§Û §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§ß§ß§à§Û §á§â§à§è§Ö§Õ§å§â§í §®§¥§±, §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §â§Ö§Ù§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§ä§à§Þ §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §é§Ö§Þ §Õ§Ö§ã§ñ§ä§Ú §Ý§Ö§ä §á§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ, §Ú§ß§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§Ú§è§Ú§Û §Ú §Ú§ã§á§í§ä§Ñ§ß§Ú§Û, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §á§â§à§Ó§à§Õ§Ú§Ý§Ú§ã§î §á§â§Ú §á§à§Õ§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ü§Ö §ä§Ñ§Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§à§Ó, §Ñ§ã§ã§à§è§Ú§Ñ§è§Ú§Û §®§¥§± §Ú §Õ§â§å§Ô§Ú§ç §â§Ö§Ô§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §Ú §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§í§ç §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§à§Ó.

§¡§Ù§Ö§â§Ò§Ñ§Û§Õ§Ø§Ñ§ß, §¤§â§å§Ù§Ú§ñ, §ª§â§Ñ§ß (§ª§ã§Ý§Ñ§Þ§ã§Ü§Ñ§ñ §²§Ö§ã§á§å§Ò§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ñ), §±§Ñ§Ü§Ú§ã§ä§Ñ§ß, §²§Ö§ã§á§å§Ò§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ñ §®§à§Ý§Õ§à§Ó§Ñ, §´§Ñ§Õ§Ø§Ú§Ü§Ú§ã§ä§Ñ§ß, §´§å§ß§Ú§ã, §´§å§â§è§Ú§ñ §Ú §µ§Ù§Ò§Ö§Ü§Ú§ã§ä§Ñ§ß §ß§Ñ§ç§à§Õ§ñ§ä§ã§ñ §Ó §á§â§à§è§Ö§ã§ã§Ö §á§à§Õ§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú§ß§æ§à§â§Þ§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§í§ç §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ §ä§Ñ§Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§à§Ó §Ü §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Û §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ö eTIR.

§¬§â§à§Þ§Ö §ä§à§Ô§à, §¦§Ó§â§à§á§Ö§Û§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §ã§à§ð§Ù, §Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§å§ñ §à§ä §Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§Ú §ã§Ó§à§Ú§ç §Ô§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó-§é§Ý§Ö§ß§à§Ó, §Ù§Ñ§Ó§Ö§â§ê§Ñ§Ö§ä §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§å §ß§Ñ§Õ §á§â§à§Ó§Ö§â§Ü§à§Û §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§á§è§Ú§Ú §á§à§Õ§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §¯§à§Ó§à§Û §Ü§à§Þ§á§î§ð§ä§Ö§â§Ú§Ù§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§à§Û §ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ù§Ú§ä§ß§à§Û §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§í (§¯§¬§´§³) §Ü §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Û §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ö eTIR.

§³§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ §®§¥§± §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ó 70 §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ñ§ç, §Ú §é§Ú§ã§Ý§à §Ö§Ö §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §á§à§ã§ä§à§ñ§ß§ß§à §â§Ñ§ã§ä§Ö§ä. §±§à§ã§Ý§Ö §ä§à§Ô§à §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Ó §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö §á§â§à§ê§Ý§à§Ô§à §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ §Ü §¬§à§ß§Ó§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ú §®§¥§± §á§â§Ú§ã§à§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ú§Ý§ã§ñ §¦§Ô§Ú§á§Ö§ä, §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§í §¡§æ§â§Ú§Ü§Ú, §¡§Ù§Ú§Ú §Ú §À§Ø§ß§à§Û §¡§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ú §á§â§à§Õ§à§Ý§Ø§Ú§Ý§Ú §Ñ§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§å§ð §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§å §ß§Ñ§Õ §á§â§Ú§ã§à§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §Ü §¬§à§ß§Ó§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ú §Ú §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§å§ð§ë§Ú§Þ §Ó§ß§Ö§Õ§â§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §á§à§Ý§ß§à§ã§ä§î§ð §Ò§Ö§Ù§Ò§å§Þ§Ñ§Ø§ß§à§Û §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§í.

§³ §Õ§à§á§à§Ý§ß§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §Ú§ß§æ§à§â§Þ§Ñ§è§Ú§Ö§Û §à §è§Ú§æ§â§à§Ó§à§Û §á§â§à§è§Ö§Õ§å§â§Ö §Þ§à§Ø§ß§à §à§Ù§ß§Ñ§Ü§à§Þ§Ú§ä§î§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ §Ó§Ö§Ò-§ã§Ñ§Û§ä§Ö eTIR: