ÃÛÌÒ´«Ã½§Ú §¦§Ó§â§à§á§Ö§Û§ã§Ü§Ñ§ñ §ï§Ü§à§ß§à§Þ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ñ§ñ §Ü§à§Þ§Ú§ã§ã§Ú§ñ §°§°§¯ (§¦§¿§¬ §°§°§¯) §á§à§Õ§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§Ý§Ú §ã§Ö§Ô§à§Õ§ß§ñ §ã§à§Ô§Ý§Ñ§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §à §è§Ú§æ§â§à§Ó§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §á§â§à§è§Ö§Õ§å§â§í §ä§Ñ§Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ù§Ú§ä§Ñ §Ó §ã§à§à§ä§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ú §ã §¬§à§ß§Ó§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ö§Û §®§¥§±. §¸§Ö§Ý§î§ð §ï§ä§à§Ô§à §ê§Ñ§Ô§Ñ §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ñ§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§í§ç §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ó§à§Ù§à§Ü §Ú §ä§à§â§Ô§à§Ó§Ý§Ú §Ù§Ñ §ã§é§Ö§ä §á§à§Ó§í§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ï§æ§æ§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ú §Ò§Ö§Ù§à§á§Ñ§ã§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §ä§Ñ§Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §á§â§à§è§Ö§Õ§å§â §á§à§ã§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§à§Þ §ã§à§Ó§Ö§â§ê§Ö§ß§ã§ä§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §å§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Þ§Ú.
§±§à§Ý§ß§å§ð §è§Ú§æ§â§à§Ó§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§ð §á§â§à§è§Ö§Õ§å§â§í §ä§Ñ§Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ù§Ú§ä§Ñ §®§¥§± §Ò§å§Õ§Ö§ä §á§à§Õ§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §®§Ö§Þ§à§â§Ñ§ß§Õ§å§Þ §à §Ó§Ù§Ñ§Ú§Þ§à§á§à§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú (§®§à§£), §é§ä§à §Ö§ë§Ö §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§Ö §å§Ü§â§Ö§á§Ú§ä §ã§à§ä§â§å§Õ§ß§Ú§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§à §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å §¦§¿§¬ §°§°§¯ §Ú IRU. §±§à§Þ§Ú§Þ§à §à§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §ß§à§Ó§í§ç §á§Ú§Ý§à§ä§ß§í§ç §á§â§à§Ö§Ü§ä§à§Ó §ã §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§ß§ß§à§Û §á§â§à§è§Ö§Õ§å§â§í §®§¥§± §Ó §Õ§â§å§Ô§Ú§ç §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ñ§ç, §®§Ö§Þ§à§â§Ñ§ß§Õ§å§Þ§à§Þ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §á§â§Ö§Õ§å§ã§Þ§à§ä§â§Ö§ß §â§ñ§Õ §Ö§Ø§Ö§Ô§à§Õ§ß§í§ç §á§Ý§Ñ§ß§à§Ó §Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Û §Õ§Ý§ñ §à§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Õ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§Ö§Û§ê§Ú§ç §ê§Ñ§Ô§à§Ó.
§ª§ã§á§à§Ý§ß§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Û §ã§Ö§Ü§â§Ö§ä§Ñ§â§î §¦§¿§¬ §°§°§¯ §°§Ý§î§Ô§Ñ §¡§Ý§Ô§Ñ§Ö§â§à§Ó§Ñ §á§â§Ú§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§ä§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §á§à§Õ§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §®§Ö§Þ§à§â§Ñ§ß§Õ§å§Þ§Ñ:
?§¬§à§Þ§á§î§ð§ä§Ö§â§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§í §®§¥§± §á§à§Ó§í§ã§Ú§ä §ã§Ü§à§â§à§ã§ä§î, §ï§æ§æ§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§à§ã§ä§î §Ú §á§â§à§Ù§â§Ñ§é§ß§à§ã§ä§î §ï§ä§à§Û §á§â§à§è§Ö§Õ§å§â§í §ä§Ñ§Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ù§Ú§ä§Ñ. §²§à§ã§ä §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§Ö§ã§Ñ §Ü §¬§à§ß§Ó§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ú §®§¥§± §à§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ö§ä, §é§ä§à §Ó§ã§Ö §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§Ö §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß §ã§Þ§à§Ô§å§ä §Ó§à§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î§ã§ñ §Ö§Ö §á§â§Ö§Ú§Þ§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ§Þ§Ú. §±§à§Õ§á§Ú§ã§ñ§Þ§Ú §á§à§Õ §®§Ö§Þ§à§â§Ñ§ß§Õ§å§Þ§à§Þ §¦§¿§¬ §°§°§¯ §Ú ÃÛÌÒ´«Ã½§á§à§Õ§ä§Ó§Ö§â§Ø§Õ§Ñ§ð§ä §ã§Ó§à§ð §á§â§Ú§Ó§Ö§â§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§î §Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§à§Þ§å §Ó§Ú§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §å§ã§ä§à§Û§é§Ú§Ó§à§ã§ä§Ú §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§í §®§¥§± §Ó §Õ§à§Ý§Ô§à§ã§â§à§é§ß§à§Û §á§Ö§â§ã§á§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§Ö?.
§®§Ö§Þ§à§â§Ñ§ß§Õ§å§Þ §á§à§Õ§Ü§â§Ö§á§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä §ã§à§à§Ò§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §à §ä§à§Þ, §é§ä§à §è§Ú§æ§â§à§Ó§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ §á§à§Ù§Ñ§Ú§Þ§ã§ä§Ó§å§Ö§ä §á§â§Ö§Ú§Þ§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §å§Ø§Ö §Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ú§ç §Ú§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§à§Ó ÃÛÌÒ´«Ã½§Ó §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ù§Ú§ä§Ñ §Ó§Þ§Ö§ã§ä§Ö §ã §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§ß§ß§í§Þ§Ú §ä§Ñ§Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§í§Þ§Ú §á§â§à§è§Ö§Õ§å§â§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Ó §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§Ö§ã§Ñ§ç §Ó§ã§Ö§ç §¥§à§Ô§à§Ó§Ñ§â§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§ç §ã§ä§à§â§à§ß §¬§à§ß§Ó§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ú §®§¥§±.
§¤§Ö§ß§Ö§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Û §ã§Ö§Ü§â§Ö§ä§Ñ§â§î ÃÛÌÒ´«Ã½§µ§Þ§Ò§Ö§â§ä§à §Õ§Ö §±§â§Ö§ä§ä§à §Ü§à§Þ§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§Ú§â§å§Ö§ä:
?§®§í §ß§Ñ§è§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§í §ß§Ñ §å§Ü§â§Ö§á§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §á§Ñ§â§ä§ß§Ö§â§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §à§ä§ß§à§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §ã §¦§¿§¬ §°§°§¯ §Ó §é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §â§Ñ§ã§ê§Ú§â§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú §ã§à§Ó§Ö§â§ê§Ö§ß§ã§ä§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§í §®§¥§±, §é§ä§à§Ò§í §ã§ä§Ú§Þ§å§Ý§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §ä§à§â§Ô§à§Ó§Ý§ð §Ú §ï§Ü§à§ß§à§Þ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §â§à§ã§ä. §¿§ä§à§Þ§å §Ò§å§Õ§å§ä §ã§á§à§ã§à§Ò§ã§ä§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §Õ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§Ö§Û§ê§Ú§Ö §á§Ú§Ý§à§ä§ß§í§Ö §á§â§à§Ö§Ü§ä§í eTIR §Ú §ã§à§Ô§Ý§Ñ§ã§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §ß§Ñ §â§Ö§Ô§å§Ý§ñ§â§ß§à§Û §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§Ö §á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§ß§ß§í§ç §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§á§à§â§ä§ß§í§ç, §ä§Ñ§Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Ú §ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ù§Ú§ä§ß§í§ç §Ú§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§à§Ó?.
§±§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ý§Ý§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à §Ù§Ñ§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ö§ß§à §ã§à§Ô§Ý§Ñ§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §à §æ§Ú§ß§Ñ§ß§ã§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú §Õ§Ö§ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §á§à §è§Ú§æ§â§à§Ó§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§í §®§¥§± §ß§Ñ §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§Ö §Ô§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à-§é§Ñ§ã§ä§ß§à§Ô§à §á§Ñ§â§ä§ß§Ö§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §ã §Ö§Ø§Ö§Ô§à§Õ§ß§í§Þ§Ú §á§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Þ§Ú §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§í, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Þ§Ú §à§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§í §ã§à§à§ä§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §Þ§Ö§â§à§á§â§Ú§ñ§ä§Ú§ñ §Ú §à§Ø§Ú§Õ§Ñ§Ö§Þ§í§Ö §â§Ö§Ù§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§ä§í.
§¸§Ö§Ý§Ú §ß§Ñ 2018 §Ô§à§Õ §Ó§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ñ§ð§ä: §á§â§Ö§Õ§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ó§à§Ù§Þ§à§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ó§ã§Ö§Þ §Ù§Ñ§Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§Ö§ã§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Þ §ä§Ñ§Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§í§Þ §Ñ§Õ§Þ§Ú§ß§Ú§ã§ä§â§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ§Þ §á§â§Ú§ã§à§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ú§ä§î§ã§ñ §Ü §ß§à§Ó§à§Þ§å §è§Ú§æ§â§à§Ó§à§Þ§å §á§â§à§Ö§Ü§ä§å, §Ù§Ñ§á§å§ã§Ü §Ó§ä§à§â§à§Ô§à §á§Ú§Ý§à§ä§ß§à§Ô§à §á§â§à§Ö§Ü§ä§Ñ, §Õ§à§ã§ä§Ú§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §á§à§Ý§ß§à§Û §ã§Ú§ß§ç§â§à§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§í IRU/§¦§¿§¬ §°§°§¯ §ã §Ù§Ö§â§Ü§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Þ§Ú §Ò§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç.
§ª§ã§á§à§Ý§ß§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Û §Õ§Ú§â§Ö§Ü§ä§à§â ÃÛÌÒ´«Ã½§¢§à§â§Ú§ã §¢§Ý§Ñ§ß§ê §Õ§à§Ò§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä:
?§³§ä§â§Ö§Þ§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö ÃÛÌÒ´«Ã½§Þ§à§Õ§Ö§â§ß§Ú§Ù§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §á§â§à§è§Ö§Õ§å§â§å §®§¥§± §Ó §Õ§à§Ý§Ô§à§ã§â§à§é§ß§à§Û §á§Ö§â§ã§á§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§Ö, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §â§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §à§Ò §à§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú §æ§Ú§ß§Ñ§ß§ã§à§Ó§à§Û §á§à§Þ§à§ë§Ú §¦§¿§¬ §°§°§¯, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Û §ä§â§Ö§Ò§å§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Ú§ß§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§Ú§è§Ú§Ú §Õ§Ý§ñ §è§Ú§æ§â§à§Ó§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§í §®§¥§±, §á§à§Õ§ä§Ó§Ö§â§Ø§Õ§Ñ§ð§ä §ï§ä§Ú §Õ§Ó§Ñ §Ó§Ñ§Ø§ß§í§ç §Õ§à§Ü§å§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ, §á§à§Õ§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Ö §ã§Ö§Ô§à§Õ§ß§ñ?.
§©§Ñ§Ü§â§Ö§á§Ý§ñ§ñ §å§ã§á§Ö§ç §á§Ö§â§Ó§í§ç §á§Ú§Ý§à§ä§ß§í§ç §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ó§à§Ù§à§Ü §á§à §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ö eTIR §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å §´§å§â§è§Ú§Ö§Û §Ú §ª§â§Ñ§ß§à§Þ, §ã§à§Ô§Ý§Ñ§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ß§Ñ§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§í §ß§Ñ §ä§à, §é§ä§à§Ò§í §Ú §Õ§â§å§Ô§Ú§Ö §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§í §Þ§à§Ô§Ý§Ú §à§á§â§à§Ò§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §è§Ú§æ§â§à§Ó§í§Ö §Ó§à§Ù§Þ§à§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§í §®§¥§±, §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§ð§ë§Ö§Û §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§Ö§Û §Ô§Ú§Ò§Ü§à§ã§ä§î§ð, §é§ä§à §á§à§Ù§Ó§à§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ó§à§Ù§é§Ú§Ü§Ñ§Þ §Ó§ß§à§ã§Ú§ä§î §ã§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§ß§ß§à§Þ §Ó§Ú§Õ§Ö §ã §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §â§Ñ§Ù§Ý§Ú§é§ß§í§ç §Þ§Ö§ç§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Þ§à§Ó §Ú§ß§æ§à§â§Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ.
§³§à§á§â§à§Ó§à§Ø§Õ§Ñ§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ñ §á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Þ§à§Û §ä§Ö§Ü§å§ë§Ú§ç §â§Ö§Ô§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §ã§Ö§Þ§Ú§ß§Ñ§â§à§Ó, §ß§Ñ §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§ç §â§Ñ§Ù§ì§ñ§ã§ß§ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §á§â§Ö§Ú§Þ§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Õ§à§ã§ä§å§á§Ñ §Ü §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Þ §Ó §â§Ö§Ø§Ú§Þ§Ö §â§Ö§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§Ú, §à§ß§Ý§Ñ§Û§ß-§Þ§à§ß§Ú§ä§à§â§Ú§ß§Ô§Ñ §Ú §á§à§Ó§í§ê§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §ß§Ñ§Õ§Ö§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú, §á§à§Ý§ß§Ñ§ñ §è§Ú§æ§â§à§Ó§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§í §ã§ä§â§Ö§Þ§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à §á§â§Ú§Ò§Ý§Ú§Ø§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ.
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karen.mazzoli@iru.org
